The following issues generate verifiability errors:

• Native types. Even if it isn't used, the declaration of native classes, structures, pointers, or arrays will prevent compilation.

• Global variables

• Function calls into any unmanaged library, including common language runtime function calls

• A verifiable function cannot contain a static_cast Operator for down-casting. The static_cast Operator can be used for casting between primitive types, but for down-casting, safe_cast or a C-Style cast (which is implemented as a safe_cast) must be used.

• A verifiable function cannot contain a reinterpret_cast Operator (or any C-style cast equivalent).

• A verifiable function cannot perform arithmetic on an interior_ptr. It may only assign to it and dereference it.

• A verifiable function can only throw or catch pointers to reference types, so value types must be boxed before throwing.

• A verifiable function can only call verifiable functions (such that calls to the common language runtime are not allowed, include AtEntry/AtExit, and so global constructors are disallowed).

• A verifiable class cannot use Explicit.

• If building an EXE, a main function cannot declare any parameters, so GetCommandLineArgs must be used to retrieve command-line arguments.

• Making a non-virtual call to a virtual function. For example:

  В	Copy Code
  // not_verifiable.cpp // compile with: /clr ref struct A { virtual void Test() {} }; ref struct B : A {}; int main() { B^ b1 = gcnew B; b1->A::Test(); // Non-virtual call to virtual function }

Also, the following keywords cannot be used in verifiable code:

• unmanaged and pack pragmas

• naked and alignВ __declspec modifiers

• __asm

• __based

• __try and __except

Reference